新疆与美国早实核桃(Juglans regia L.)品种生长结实与成花特性比较

以引进的美国核桃品种‘维纳’、‘艾米格’和新疆本地品种‘温185’和‘新新2号’为试材,研究分析不同品种的植物学和生物学特性、花芽分化过程以及相关成花基因的表达。结果显示:4个品种在树体生长、枝芽发育特性、物侯期以及成花率和坐果率方面没有明显差异。在结果枝同一坐果部位形成双果、三果或以上的能力‘新新2号’明显强于‘维纳’,但‘新新2号’的果实大小和单果重都低于‘维纳’,而‘维纳’平均结果母枝上形成侧花芽的数量和坐果率高于‘新新2号’。从萌芽到开花结束直至当年侧芽发育过程中‘维纳’混合芽中的JrFT和JrLFY基因表达也高于‘新新2号’,而同时期的JrFLC基因表达则相对较低,说明‘维纳’在花芽分化和花器官形成过程中通过高表达JrFT和JrLFY基因,低表达JrFLC基因促进结果母枝上形成大量侧花芽,并利用大量侧花芽抽生结果枝坐果,形成较大的果实,使得最终产量并不低于同一个坐果部位大量着生2个或多个果实的‘新新2号’品种。     

Bird flu (H7N9) outbreak and its implications on the supply chain of poultry meat in China

During the past two decades, food safety issues in China not only posed serious threats to Chinese consumers but also damaged the image of Chinese products internationally. In China, food safety is not only about scientific discoveries, advanced laboratories, and sanitation equipment; it is more about the role of different players in the food supply chain. The poultry meat supply chain is instrumental in the spread of the avian influenza A virus (H7N9), raising questions about how policymakers respond to such threats and whether industries need to be restructured to manage and control this epidemic so that it does not recur. As a short-term measure, to prevent the spread of this disease, government authorities enforced the closure of live bird markets (LBM) in disease-affected areas of China. However, in the long term, the poultry meat supply chain needs to be restructured. The aim of the current study was to analyze distribution channels for chicken meat in China and then describe arrangements in poultry meat sectors that incorporate small- and medium-scale producers into the supply chain while responding to shifts in LBMs. We also assessed the role of LBMs in spreading H7N9 and how these interventions affect the poultry meat supply chain in the Chinese market.     

H3N2亚型猪流感病毒HA和HA1蛋白的原核表达

为原核表达H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)的HA和HA1蛋白,通过RT-PCR方法获得SIV的HA和HA1基因,克隆至原核表达载体pMAL-c5X,并转化至原核表达菌Rosetta(DE3)中,表达菌经IPTG诱导表达后进行SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析。结果显示,成功表达了H3亚型SIV的HA和HA1蛋白,目的蛋白均以可溶性蛋白和包涵体两种形式存在,并与H3N2亚型SIV的HA单克隆抗体反应,说明HA和HA1蛋白具有良好的反应原性。     

植物液泡膜H+-ATPase和H+-PPase研究进展

植物液泡膜 ATP 酶（H+-ATPase）和液泡膜焦磷酸酶（H+-PPase）是液泡膜上两个含量丰富的蛋白，其功能的正常发挥在植物生长发育过程中扮演着重要角色。液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 水解底物释放能量，同时产生大量 H+由胞质泵入液泡内，形成细胞质与液泡间的 H+ 电化学势梯度，为多种溶质分子的跨膜主动运输提供驱动力，维持细胞内的离子稳态和渗透平衡，为细胞内各种生理生化反应的正常运行提供保障。此外，液泡作为植物细胞离子养分的储存库，其膜上 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 能够通过改变其活性来调控硝酸盐在胞质和液泡间的分配比例，进而影响植物的氮素利用效率。在逆境胁迫条件下，提高液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 的活性有利于提高植株对逆境的适应能力，从而减少逆境胁迫对植株生长发育造成的不利影响。介绍了植物液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 的结构特征及其在植物生长发育过程中的生理功能，并对其在植物抵御非生物逆境胁迫过程中发挥的重要作用进行阐述，为进一步提高作物的氮素利用率及逆境适应能力提供方向。     

Study on the adaptability of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to diets from the perspective of digestion and absorption

As an ecologically sustainable aquaculture mode, the rice‐fish approach has been paid more attention in recent years. In rice paddies, there are plant and animal diet items available to fish, but it is not clear how common carp adapt to different diets. In view of this, common carp (initial weight 492.6 ± 30 g, n = 270) were randomly divided into three groups and fed with earthworms (group A), earthworms + duckweed (group M) and duckweed (group P) respectively. After 8 weeks under these feeding regimes, the intestinal digestive enzymes activities were assayed, and intestinal tissue sections stained with HE and AB‐PAS were used to observe the morphology. The results showed that the activities of trypsin and lipase were highest in group A, followed by group M and group P. Group A had greater intestinal fold height, fold width and fold absorption area than the other groups (p < .05), especially in the foregut. Meanwhile, the total number of mucous cells was largest in group P, followed by the groups M and A. Totally, activities and distributions of digestive enzymes, fold height, fold width, fold absorption area and number and distribution of mucous cells of common carp were affected by the type of diet. Based on these results, it was found that common carp has strong adaptability to diets, and it was speculated that the majority of digestion and absorption of protein was concentrated in the foregut, while for starch and cellulose, it was spread out along the whole intestine.     

氟节胺抑制枇杷嫁接成苗砧木萌蘖相关机理初探

为寻找更长效、无害的化学控蘖剂以减轻田间管理劳动强度,以枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)嫁接成苗为材料,喷施有效成分浓度为0.050%,0.071%和0.125%的氟节胺,于不同时期取样观察控蘖效果,并尝试探究相关机理。结果表明,氟节胺减少了叶片单位面积光能的吸收量、抑制了光化学转换,但叶片的热耗散量并无明显变化。进一步测定植株氧化还原状态发现,氟节胺能够快速促进细胞内超氧阴离子(O₂^.-)积累并延缓或抑制H₂O₂的转化,从而诱发氧化胁迫。由此可见,氟节胺可能通过抑制叶片光化学转换和热耗散来破坏新生萌蘖的光合性能,进而抑制其萌发生长,而成熟叶片则通过提升自身抗氧化系统活性耐受氟节胺造成的轻度胁迫。在本试验中,各浓度的氟节胺对控制砧木萌蘖有不同程度的效果,其中浓度为0.125%的氟节胺控蘖效果相对最佳,且基本不会对砧木和嫁接成苗造成持续伤害,其作为化学控蘖剂有一定的应用潜力。     

根腐病菌侵染对黄芪苯丙烷途径关键酶活性的影响

以蒙古黄芪-根腐病菌（Fusarium solani和F. acuminatum）为互作体系,测定苯丙烷途径关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(C4H)及4-香豆酸-辅酶A连接酶(4CL)活性的变化,以期获得黄芪抗根腐病菌侵染机制的信息,为抗病育种工作提供参考。试验采用幼苗浸根法接种病菌,分光光度法测定3种酶的动态变化。结果表明,F. solani侵染黄芪后,PAL和C4H活性与对照相比明显升高,并在7、21天出现2个酶活高峰;4CL活性则随着时间的延长持续上升,7、21天时也显著高于对照。F. acuminatum侵染黄芪后,PAL、C4H和4CL的活性均在21天显著高于对照。可见2种病原菌在侵染黄芪过程中,苯丙烷途径的关键酶被不同程度地激活,但2种病菌激活各酶的时间和规律有所差异,表明黄芪对这2种病菌的抗性机制明显不同。     

紫斑牡丹种子浸提液对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以紫斑牡丹种子为研究对象,研究不同质量浓度(0、0.025、0.050、0.075、0.100 g·mL-1)的种皮和胚乳水浸提液对白菜、小麦和绿豆种子萌发、幼苗生长和幼苗的抗氧化酶活性的影响,探究紫斑牡丹种子内源抑制物质的活性,为进一步研究紫斑牡丹种子休眠机理提供理论依据。结果表明:紫斑牡丹种皮和胚乳中均含有抑制受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的物质,且同一质量浓度下,胚乳浸提液的抑制作用强于种皮浸提液;种皮和胚乳浸提液对白菜幼苗生长的抑制作用高于小麦和绿豆;种皮和胚乳浸提液对3种受体植物幼苗根长的抑制作用大于苗高和鲜质量;种皮和胚乳浸提液对3种受体植物幼苗的SOD、CAT和POD活性均产生了一定的影响。其中,随着种皮浸提液质量浓度的提高,受体植物幼苗SOD、POD活性先上升后下降,而CAT活性持续下降;加入胚乳浸提液后,受体植物幼苗的CAT、POD活性与对照相比显著下降,SOD活性则依然随着胚乳浸提液质量浓度的升高而表现出先上升后下降的趋势。由结果可知,紫斑牡丹种皮和胚乳浸提液中均含有能抑制受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的物质,并且能够影响受体幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,但是紫斑牡丹种皮和胚乳内源抑制物质的活性存在一定的差异。     

Dietary simultaneous replacement of fish meal and fish oil with blends of plant proteins and vegetable oils in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) fry: Growth,digestive enzymes,antioxidant status and skin mucosal immunity

A 56‐day nutritional research was performed to examine the influence of alternative vegetal protein and lipid sources on performance of yellowfin seabream fry (Acanthopagrus latus) (0.5 ± 0.0 g). In this regard, five isoproteic (Ca. 500 g/kg) and isolipidic (Ca. 150 g/kg) diets were formulated in which fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) were simultaneously replaced with blends of plant proteins (PP, soybean meal and corn gluten) and vegetal oils (VO, canola and soybean oils) at 20% (SR20), 40% (SR40), 60% (SR40) and 80% (SR80) levels, respectively; meanwhile, a control diet (SR0) was formulated based on FM and FO. Growth and feed utilization were not influenced by experimental diets. The fatty acid profile of fillet drastically altered by dietary treatments. Fish fed with the SR60 and SR80 feeds had higher total protease, trypsin and α‐amylase activities than other treatments. The antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione content in liver were enhanced in fish fed with the SR40, SR60 and SR80 diets. Skin mucosal immune parameters including total protein content, alkaline phosphatase and alternative complement pathway activities in the control group were relatively lower than the vegetal treatments. According to these results, it is recommended that 410 g/kg of FM and 45 g of FO/kg can be replaced with alternative vegetal sources in diet for A. latus fry.